One button battery can pollute 600,000 liters of water, which is equal to the amount of water a person drinks in a lifetime. One No.1 battery rotting in the ground can make one square meter of land lose its use value. At present, the world's domestic waste disposal is mainly sanitary landfill, reuse, composting and incineration of these four ways, mixed into the domestic waste of used batteries in these four processes of pollution role is reflected as follows.
Landfill: heavy metals from used batteries pollute water bodies and soil through leaching.
Incineration: waste batteries at high temperatures, corrosive equipment, certain metals volatilized in the incinerator in the fly ash, resulting in air pollution
Composting: The main raw material is domestic garbage, garbage and old batteries composted into organic fertilizer, applied to the soil by farmers, heavy metals are absorbed by crops and enter our food chain.
1、Waste batteries pollute the environment by
The constituent substances of these batteries are sequestered inside the battery case during use and do not affect the environment. But after long-term mechanical wear and corrosion, so that the internal heavy metals and acids and bases leaked out, into the soil or water, it will enter the human food chain through various ways. The whole process is briefly described as follows: battery into the soil or water source - microorganisms - animals - circulating dust - crops - food - human body - nerves - deposition and disease. Other water sources plant food digestive organisms from the environment ingestion of heavy metals can be through the food chain of biomagnification, step by step in the higher organisms thousands of enrichment, and then through the food into the human body, in some organs accumulation caused by chronic poisoning. Japan's Minamata disease is a typical case of mercury poisoning.
2、The danger of waste batteries to people
In 1998, "National Hazardous Waste List" set out on the mercury, cadmium, zinc, lead, chromium hazardous waste.
Mercury: mercury is mercury, is a liquid metal. Specific gravity 13.6, melting point -39.3 degrees Celsius, boiling point 357 degrees Celsius. Mercury can evaporate at room temperature, and its vapor is colorless and odorless, seven times heavier than air. Mercury and its compounds are very toxic, especially the organic compounds of mercury are more toxic. Fish can be poisoned by living in water containing 0.01-0.02 mg/l of mercury; people can be poisoned to death if they consume 0.1 g of mercury. Mercury and its compounds can enter the human body through different ways such as respiratory tract, skin or digestive tract. When mercury enters the human body, it collects in the liver, kidneys, brain, heart and bone marrow, causing neurotoxicity and deep tissue lesions, causing symptoms such as fatigue, dizziness, trembling, bleeding gums, baldness, paralysis of hands and feet, neurasthenia, and even mental confusion, which can lead to crazy spasms and death. Organic mercury can also enter the placenta and cause congenital mercury poisoning, or malformation, or dementia in the fetus. The toxicity of mercury is cumulative and often takes years or decades to react. The food chain has a considerable capacity for mercury enrichment. For example, freshwater fish and phytoplankton have a mercury enrichment multiplier of one thousand, freshwater invertebrates one hundred thousand, marine plants one hundred, and marine animals two hundred thousand. Consumption of mercury-contaminated aquatic products produces methylmercury poisoning, off. Dizziness, numbness at the end of the extremities, memory loss, neurological disorders, and even death, also affects pregnant women with fetal malformations. Mercury thermometers commonly used in the home, it is dangerous!
Lead: The molecular weight of lead is 278, which is a heavy metal element. Heavy metal elements entering the human body will denature the proteins in the body, which means that the normal function of proteins is damaged, so that the human body cannot perform its normal function. Consumption of food containing lead affects enzymes and normal hemoglobin synthesis, affects the God system, and lead accumulates in the bones and kidneys, with potential long-term effects. The activity of lead in the human body is much higher than that of calcium, iron and zinc, so when lead poison enters the human body, it displaces the essential zinc, iron and calcium ions, thus making the human body show symptoms of calcium, iron and zinc deficiency, which is the real reason why children are more prone to iron, zinc and calcium deficiencies in today's polluted environment. That is to say, the only way to solve the symptoms of iron, calcium and zinc deficiency in children at the root is to drive away lead. Studies have found that children's personalities change after being exposed to toxic lead. They found that children became irritable, less obedient, and aggressive. When frustrated, they often became violent. The mothers' findings have been scientifically confirmed - it is now known that lead is associated with cognitive impairment, learning disabilities, and behaviors that may keep them from completing high school. If a child is experiencing learning difficulties, ADHD symptoms, poor concentration, or a sudden drop in grades, then there is a good chance that lead poisoning is to blame. Other children who can't sit still all day, who want to kick things, who can't control themselves at all, may also be the precursor of lead poisoning. Since lead is a heavy metal with neurotoxicity, and children's nervous system is developing rapidly, their resistance to external toxic substances is the most vulnerable. Some studies have shown that the absorption rate of lead in children is 50% higher than that of adults.
For every 100 micrograms/liter increase in blood lead level in children, their IQ is reduced by 6 to 8 points. In addition, children with high blood lead tend to have lower stature than normal children and may also lead to anemia. So how to prevent lead poisoning?
First of all, pay attention to your diet and beware of children biting lead pencils. In addition to the main cause of childhood lead poisoning, which is commonly known as automobile exhaust, "lead from the mouth" is also not to be underestimated. Children generally prefer to eat popcorn and other puffed food, but the street homemade popcorn machine chamber and cover is made of pig iron with high lead content, due to the low melting point of lead, so it is very easy to volatilize and seep into the popcorn when heated in a closed, causing lead poisoning. In addition, some studies have shown that the more children drink canned beverages, the higher their blood lead levels, which may be related to the fact that many metal cans still use lead and tin as the soldering material.
At the same time, children like to suck their fingers and bite things, so stationery items including pencils, crayons, oil sticks, etc. have excessive lead content that can also lead to lead poisoning.
Secondly, make sure to insist on washing hands regularly. Since there is no special discomfort and no clinical manifestation visible to parents and doctors in general childhood lead poisoning, many people do not pay attention to it. This is the reason why childhood lead poisoning is called "hidden killer" in foreign countries. In this regard, experts said that even children living in ordinary environment are prone to deposit a certain amount of lead on their hands after playing for a day, so they should pay attention to wash their hands regularly. In addition, children's toys and other items that may be put into the mouth by children should be cleaned frequently, because lead dust is often stuck on them. Some wooden toys also contain lead in the paint layer on the surface, which should not be used as children's toys.
Cadmium: Cadmium is a very toxic heavy metal, and most of its compounds are toxic substances. Japan's "pain pain pain" that shocked the world is caused by cadmium pollution. Cadmium-containing mine wastewater polluted the river and the soil on both sides of the river, food, pasture, through the food chain into the human body and slowly accumulate in the kidneys and bones. Will replace the calcium in the bone, so that the bones are severely softened, the bone inch broken; cadmium will cause dysfunction of the stomach, interfere with the enzyme system of zinc in the human body and organisms, so that the zinc-cadmium specific gravity decreases, while leading to a rise in hypertension. Cadmium toxicity is potential. Even if the concentration of cadmium in drinking water is as low as 0.1 mg/l, it can accumulate in human (especially women) tissues, and the latency period can be as long as ten to thirty years, and the early stage is not easily detectable.
Data show that the biological half-life of cadmium in the human body is 20 to 40 years. The toxic effects of cadmium on human tissues and organs are multifaceted and extremely difficult to treat. Therefore, countries on industrial emissions "three wastes" in the cadmium have made very strict regulations. Japan also stipulates that rice containing more than 1 mg / kg of cadmium is "cadmium rice", prohibited to eat. The Japanese Environment Agency has set 0.3ppm as the maximum normal cadmium concentration in rice. Since cadmium compounds have different degrees of toxicity, removing cadmium from wastewater by any method can only change its existence. Any method to remove cadmium from wastewater can only change its existence and shift its location, and cannot eliminate its toxicity. Therefore, the treatment of cadmium wastewater should be combined with recycling as much as possible.
Manganese: Manganese is a heavy metal poison, and the common manganese compounds are manganese dioxide, manganese tetraoxide, manganese chloride, manganese sulfate, calcium chromate, manganese carbide, calcium acetate and potassium permanganate. The fumes and dust of manganese and its compounds enter the human body through the respiratory tract and mainly cause chronic manganese poisoning. Acute manganese poisoning is very rare. Long-term exposure to manganese fumes and dust can cause extrapyramidal neurological disorders as the main cause of the disease. The paint used in house renovation is rich in manganese, and children may develop leukemia after inhalation. Currently, leukemia and lymphatic disease account for half of childhood tumors, and malignant tumors have become the top two or three deaths of children. In a poorly ventilated work environment, after inhaling a large amount of nascent manganese oxide fumes, metal fume fever occurs: dizziness, headache, weakness, nausea, chest tightness, dry throat, shortness of breath, fever, etc. Serious cases may have chills and shivering. Usually after a few hours to 1 to 2 days, the fever recedes and the whole body sweats profusely. Short-term inhalation of high concentrations of calcium compounds can cause chemical bronchitis and pneumonia. After oral administration of potassium permanganate, the mouth, throat and digestive tract are rapidly corroded. In mild cases, there is mainly a burning sensation in the mouth, nausea, vomiting and epigastric pain. In more severe cases, it can also cause swelling of the mouth and pharynx, difficulty in speaking and swallowing. In severe cases, the oral mucosa is brownish-black, swollen and eroded, with severe abdominal pain, vomiting, blood in the stool, shock, and eventually death from circulatory failure. Potassium permanganate corrosive lethal dose is about 5 to 199. Occupational chronic manganese poisoning is a disease caused by long-term exposure to manganese fumes and dust, mainly due to neurological changes. Early manifestations are neurasthenia syndrome and plant nerve dysfunction. When the poisoning is more pronounced, extrapyramidal damage occurs and may be accompanied by psychiatric symptoms. In severe cases, it may manifest as Parkinson's syndrome and toxic psychosis. There is no specific laboratory diagnostic index for manganese poisoning, urinary manganese, hair manganese, can only be used as an indicator of exposure.
Chromium: chromium is a silver-white lustrous metal, non-toxic, chemically stable, stainless steel will contain more than 12% of chromium. Common chromium compounds are hexavalent chromic anhydride, potassium dichromate, sodium dichromate, potassium chromate, sodium chromate, etc.; trivalent chromium trioxide (chromium green, Cr2O3); divalent chromium oxide. Chromium compounds with hexavalent chromium is the most toxic, followed by trivalent chromium. According to research, chromium is a trace element required for mammalian life and health. Chromium deficiency can cause atherosclerosis. Adults need 500-700 micrograms of chromium per day, while only 50-100 micrograms per day are available in the general diet. Brown rice, unrefined oil, millet, carrots, and peas, a brown sugar whole grain, are high in chromium. Chromium has a stimulating effect on plant growth, and trace amounts of chromium can improve plant harvest; however, slightly higher concentrations can inhibit the nitrification of organic matter within the soil. Chromic acid, dichromic acid and its salts have an irritating and burning effect on human mucous mold and skin, and lead to injuries and contact dermatitis. These compounds enter the body as vapor or dust and can cause nasal septum perforation, gastrointestinal disorders, white blood cell drop, and asthma-like lung lesions. Skin contact with chromium compounds can cause "chromium sores" that are very slow to heal, and when the concentration of chromic anhydride in the air reaches 0.15 to 0.31 mg/m3, the septum can be perforated. Trivalent chromium is also a protein coagulant. It is believed that hexavalent chromium can induce lung cancer. In addition, hexavalent chromium, especially chromic acid has a strong cultural pavilion effect on the metal pipes of the sewerage system, concentration 2 of 0.31 mg/l of sodium dichromate can corrode the pipes. Containing 3.4-17.3mg/l of trivalent chromium wastewater irrigation field, it can make all plants poisoning. Chromium pollution is mainly caused by industry. Chromium mining, smelting, manufacturing of chromium salt, electroplating, metal processing, tanning, paint, pigment, printing and dyeing industries, all have chromium compounds discharged. For example, the tanning industry usually treats one ton of raw hides to discharge 50-60 tons of wastewater containing 410mg/l of chromium; if ten tons of raw hides are treated every day, 72-86 tons of chromium are discharged annually. Chromium enters the human body and is distributed in the liver and kidneys, where hepatitis and nephritis pathologies appear.
The constituent substances of these batteries are sequestered inside the battery case during the use of the battery, and do not affect the environment. However, after long-term mechanical wear and corrosion, the heavy metals and acids and bases inside leak out and enter the soil or water source, and then enter the human food chain through various ways. The heavy metals taken in by organisms from the environment can be biomagnified by the food chain and accumulate by the thousands in higher level organisms step by step, and then enter the human body through food and accumulate in certain organs causing chronic poisoning.
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