Abstract: Lithium metal batteries and lithium-ion batteries are both a type of lithium battery, so what are the differences between lithium metal batteries and lithium-ion batteries? The following article will tell you in detail the differences between the two of them.
Lithium-ion battery introduction
Lithium-ion battery: It is a kind of secondary battery (rechargeable battery), which relies on lithium ions moving between the positive and negative electrodes to work. In the charging and discharging process, Li+ is embedded and de-embedded back and forth between the two electrodes: when charging, Li+ is de-embedded from the positive electrode and embedded in the negative electrode through the electrolyte, and the negative electrode is in a lithium-rich state; when discharging, the opposite is true.
(1) positive electrode - the active material is generally lithium manganate or lithium cobaltate, lithium nickel cobalt manganate material, electric bicycles are commonly used lithium nickel cobalt manganate (commonly known as ternary) or ternary + a few lithium manganate, pure lithium manganate and lithium iron phosphate is gradually fade out because of the large volume, poor performance or high cost. Conductive electrode fluid using the thickness of 10 - 20 micron electrolytic aluminum foil.
(2) diaphragm - a specially molded polymer film, the film has a microporous structure that allows lithium ions to pass freely, while electrons can not pass.
(3) Negative electrode - the active material is graphite, or carbon similar to graphite structure, and the conductive collector uses electrolytic copper foil of 7-15 microns thickness.
(4) organic electrolyte - dissolved lithium hexafluorophosphate carbonate solvent, polymer electrolyte gel.
(5) battery shell - divided into steel shell (square type rarely used), aluminum shell, nickel-plated iron shell (cylindrical battery use), aluminum plastic film (soft packaging), etc., and the battery's cap, but also the positive and negative lead end of the battery.
What are the differences between metal lithium batteries and lithium ion batteries?
Lithium-ion battery operating principle
Lithium-ion battery uses carbon material as the negative electrode and compounds containing lithium as the positive electrode, no lithium metal exists, only lithium ions, which is a lithium-ion battery. Lithium ion battery is the general term for the battery with lithium ion embedded in the compound as the positive electrode material. Lithium-ion battery charging and discharging process is the embedding and de-embedding process of lithium ions. In the lithium ion embedding and de-embedding process, accompanied by the lithium ion equivalent electron embedding and de-embedding (customary positive electrode with embedding or de-embedding, and negative electrode with stabbing or de-insertion indicated). In the charging and discharging process, lithium ions are embedded/de-embedded and stabbed/de-inserted back and forth between the positive and negative electrodes, which is imaginatively called "rocking chair battery".
When the battery is charged, lithium ions are generated at the positive electrode of the battery, and the generated lithium ions move through the electrolyte to the negative electrode. The carbon as the negative electrode is in the form of a layer structure, which has many micro-pores, and the lithium ions reaching the negative electrode are embedded in the micro-pores of the carbon layer, and the more lithium ions embedded, the higher the charging capacity. Similarly, when the battery is discharged (i.e., we use the battery process), the lithium ions embedded in the carbon layer of the negative electrode come out and move back to the positive electrode. The more lithium ions return to the positive electrode, the higher the discharge capacity.
General lithium battery charging current is set between 0.2C and 1C, the higher the current, the faster the charge, while the battery heat is also greater. Moreover, too much current charging, the capacity is not full, because the electrochemical reaction inside the battery needs time. Just like pouring beer, pouring too fast will produce foam, but not full.
What is the difference between metal <a target=_blank href='dghoppt.com'>lithium batteries</a> and lithium ion batteries?
Lithium-ion battery advantages
1) High voltage
The operating voltage of the single cell is as high as 3.7-3.8V (3.2V for lithium iron phosphate), which is three times higher than that of Ni-Cd and Ni-MH batteries.
2）High specific energy
The practical specific energy that can be reached is about 555Wh/kg, that is, the material can reach a specific capacity of 150mAh/g or more (3-4 times that of Ni-Cd, 2-3 times that of Ni-MH), which is close to about 88% of its theoretical value.
3）Long cycle life
Generally can reach more than 500 times, and even more than 1000 times, lithium iron phosphate can reach more than 2000 times. On the small current discharge of the appliance, the battery life, will multiply the competitiveness of the appliance.
4）Good safety performance
No pollution, no recall effect. As Li-ion predecessor of lithium batteries, lithium metal is easy to constitute a dendrite short circuit, reducing its application areas: Li-ion does not contain cadmium, lead, mercury and other elements of environmental pollution: part of the process (such as sintered) of Ni-Cd batteries have a major drawback for the "recall effect", a serious constraint on the use of batteries. But Li-ion does not have this problem at all.
5）Small self-discharge
The self-discharge rate of Li-ion is about 2% after 1 month of storage at room temperature, which is much lower than the 25-30% of Ni-Cd and 30-35% of Ni-MH.
6) Fast charging
1C charging 30 minutes capacity can reach more than 80% of the nominal capacity, phosphor-iron batteries can reach 10 minutes charging to 90% of the nominal capacity.
7） Operating temperature
The operating temperature is -25~45°C. With the improvement of electrolyte and positive electrode, it is expected to be widened to -40~70°C.
What are the differences between metal <a target=_blank href='dghoppt.com'>lithium batteries</a> and lithium ion batteries?
Disadvantages of lithium-ion batteries
Aging
Unlike other rechargeable batteries, the capacity of lithium-ion batteries will slowly append, related to the number of uses, and also related to temperature. This appendage can be indicated by a decrease in capacity, or by an increase in internal resistance.
Recovery rate
Approximately 1% of new factory products need to be recovered for various reasons.
Intolerance to overcharge
When overcharged, excessive embedded lithium ions are permanently fixed in the lattice and cannot be re-released, which can lead to short battery life.
Intolerant to over-discharge
When overdischarged, the electrode is deembedded with too many lithium ions, which can lead to lattice collapse and thus shorten the life span.
What is the difference between metallic <a target=_blank href='dghoppt.com'>lithium batteries</a> and lithium ion batteries?
Lithium metal batteries
Lithium battery is a kind of energy storage battery with lithium metal as the electrode, the specific energy is very high, the early divided into disposable batteries and rechargeable lithium batteries, but after the incident of rechargeable lithium batteries, the civilian market has rarely seen rechargeable lithium batteries. Lithium-ion rechargeable batteries in practice is the use of lithium ion concentration difference for energy storage and discharge, there is no lithium metal in the battery.
Lithium metal batteries and general dry cell principle is the same, it is the use of lithium metal as an electrode, after the corrosion of lithium metal or called oxidation to generate electricity, used up, can not be recharged.
Lithium metal batteries and lithium-ion battery differences
The primary difference is that lithium metal batteries are disposable batteries, lithium-ion batteries are rechargeable cycle batteries! Lithium metal batteries are the same as the general principle of dry cell batteries, which use lithium metal as the electrode, through the corrosion of lithium metal or called oxidation to generate electricity, used up, can not be recharged; lithium ion batteries generally use lithium cobaltate as the positive electrode, carbon as the negative electrode, the center is filled with electrolyte to constitute the ion free channel, with a diaphragm to separate the positive and negative electrodes to avoid short circuit. When charging because of the electric field lithium ions from lithium cobaltate, free in the electrolyte through the pores in the diaphragm to reach the negative electrode and carbon reaction to generate lithium carbide; discharge process is the opposite, lithium ions back to the positive electrode, which is the charging and discharging process of lithium ion batteries.
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