Ternary lithium-ion batteries are lithium-ion batteries with ternary cathode materials of lithium nickel cobalt manganate or lithium nickel cobalt aluminate, and the ratio of these elements determines the battery's storage performance and charge/discharge efficiency and stability, and most of the ternary batteries on the market now take a recognized more stable ratio to match, so they are more guaranteed in terms of safety, but the performance is somewhat The performance is somewhat limited.
Ternary lithium-ion batteries are characterized by high energy density and higher voltage, so the same weight of the battery pack battery capacity is greater, the car can run farther, and faster speed. But its weakness is the stability of the point is poor, if the internal short circuit or positive material encountered water, there will be open fire. So generally 18650 battery will have a layer of steel case protection.
Because ternary lithium materials have such safety risks, so lithium-ion battery manufacturers are also trying to suppress the direction of accidents. According to the ternary lithium material is easy to pyrolysis characteristics, manufacturers in the overcharge protection (OVP), overdischarge protection (UVP), overtemperature protection (OTP), overcurrent protection (OCP) these links will put a lot of effort.
From the current point of view, people's pursuit of high range will not stop in a short time, which means that ternary lithium-ion batteries may remain the first choice for many new energy models for a long time. And the trend in recent years can be seen, high nickel ternary materials due to greater advantages in specific energy, has become the object of more manufacturers chase.
Quadruple, more metal elements than ternary, because cobalt, a metal element, his price and cost in the market is very high. Many car companies hope to find a lower cost, better performance metal element to replace it, the quadruple lithium-ion battery is to leave behind or reduce the exploration of cobalt element. For example, in the high content of nickel ternary based on the addition of aluminum elements, and change the conventional practice of graphite anode, the addition of a silicon carbon layer, which forms a more stable quadruple lithium-ion battery.
However, this battery technology is not very mature and is still in the process of exploration. In addition to quaternary lithium-ion batteries, there are also cobalt-free batteries on the market. Cobalt reserves are already small, and more than 60% of the world's cobalt is in the unstable African country of Congo, reducing the cobalt element, using cobalt-free cells, doping unpaired electron spin specific elements, weakening the electron super exchange phenomenon.
About quaternary lithium-ion battery NCMA material has obvious advantages over NCM material in cycle performance and thermal stability, as a new generation of lithium-ion battery technology makes the battery to high capacity cathode material is improved, battery safety is also greatly improved. Overall, the technology on the quaternary lithium-ion battery is not too mature, want to achieve mass production or a long way to go.
Quadruple lithium-ion batteries, in theory, can take into account the low cost under the premise of high energy density and high stability. However, NCMA cathode material production process is more complex than NCM or NCA preparation, although the starting point is to reduce costs, in fact, in a short period of time, its production costs are definitely higher than NCM or NCA, as the current low cobalt NCM811 material than NCM622 price is the same. Therefore, the prospect of large-scale mass production of quaternary lithium-ion batteries is not yet clear.
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