Batteries should always be calculated for their capacity decay and final life. Capacity decay to 80% requires replacement of the battery pack, and the final life limit of the battery pack should change depending on the application, user preferences, and company guarantees. Since mechanical failures are relatively rare, capacity decay becomes an optimal indicator for an eventual replacement plan, and this indicator can be accomplished by verifying the capacity of in-service batteries every three months. In addition, technology for characterizing the state of charge operation of chargers is under development.
Charge/discharge cycles are not the only cause of capacity degradation; storing lithium-ion batteries at high temperatures can also lead to capacity degradation. A fully charged Li-ion battery stored at 40°C (104°F) for one year without use can cause a 35% capacity loss. Ultra-fast charging and discharging is also harmful to the battery, reducing the battery life by half, which is very noticeable regarding single lithium-ion batteries. Battery pack specific energy is high, but is particularly subtle due to differences in the individual cells.
As the available area of the cell shrinks, the fillable energy decreases and the charge time gradually decreases. In most cases, the battery capacity decays linearly due to cycling and aging. In addition, deep discharge puts more stress on the battery than incomplete discharge, so it is best not to fully deplete the battery but to charge it regularly. About nickel-based batteries and as calibration parts should be periodically deep discharge, which helps to eliminate the memory effect of nickel-based batteries. Nickel-based can be fully charged and discharged cycles of 300 to 500 weeks before the capacity decays to 80%.
Equipment specification parameters are often based on new batteries, but this is only a short-lived phenomenon during the initial testing phase and cannot be sustained for too long. Like a sports athlete, performance will gradually decline over time and, if allowed to do so, will eventually lead to battery-related failures.
In addition to aging-related degradation, sulfation and grid corrosion are important influences on the degradation of lead-acid batteries. Sulfation is a thin film layer that forms on the cathode plate when the battery is left to charge at a lower rate. If detected in time, this condition can be eliminated by equalizing the charge. Plate grid corrosion can be attenuated by improving the state of charge or by using optimized floating charging methods.
In nickel-based batteries, the so-called unusable rock zone is usually caused by the formation of active substance crystals, also known as the memory effect. Deep charging and discharging cycles can often be used to restore the battery capacity to full capacity. Periodic discharging can also control the crystallization process and prevent harm to the diaphragm.
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