There are different technological routes in the field of solid-state batteries. Solid electrolytes can be broadly classified into three categories: inorganic electrolytes, solid polymer electrolytes (SPE, SolidPolymerElectrolyte), and composite electrolytes. The materials that are currently being researched include solid polymers, sulfides, oxides, and thin films. For example, Dyson and Apple each acquired a solid-state battery factory Sakti3 and InfinitePowerSolutions, both of which are based on thin film, but the process is complex and the difficulty of mass production is high, and it was previously rumored that Dyson and Apple intended to give up, so the development status is not clear at this stage. Electrolyte, Phaenon, Sony is focused on oxide.
Apple has been actively laying out patents for solid-state batteries and charging technology since 2012, and acquired InfinitePowerSolutions in 2013. news of solid-state battery layout by automobile manufacturers has surfaced significantly in the past two to three years, such as Toyota's announcement that it will sell electric vehicles with solid-state batteries to the public in 2022. In addition, Volkswagen (Volkswagen) invested in QuantumScape, a solid-state battery startup founded by MIT Technology Review's TR35 young entrepreneur Jagdeep Singh, and increased its investment last June and obtained a seat on QuantumScape's board of directors, which is expected to establish a solid-state lithium battery production line in 2025.
Japan, a major battery country in the past, has been abandoning lithium batteries one after another, the focus of research to solid-state batteries, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Japan New Energy Industry Technology Development Organization (NEDO) are actively promoting, these developments let the outside world began to pay attention to this technology.
At present, many battery and automobile manufacturers, including South Korea's Samsung, Japan's Toyota and China's Ningde Time, have increased investment in solid-state battery research and development, and some batteries have already entered the installation and testing stage. Although the prospects are promising, the road to developing solid-state batteries is by no means smooth due to various technical and technological problems.
First, there is a lack of efficient electrolyte material systems. Solid-state battery materials are developing rapidly, but comprehensive applications are lacking.
As the core material of solid-state batteries, there has been a breakthrough in the single index of solid lithium-ion conductor, but the comprehensive performance cannot meet the demand of large-scale energy storage yet. The solid-state electrolytes used in today's solid-state batteries generally have performance shortcomings, and there is still a considerable gap from the requirements of high-performance lithium-ion battery systems.
1, solid electrolyte and electrode interface processing is also a major problem facing solid-state batteries.
In the solid electrolyte lithium ion transport impedance is very large, and the contact area of the rigid interface in contact with the electrode is small, and the change of electrolyte volume during charging and discharging is easy to destroy the stability of the interface.
2. In solid-state lithium batteries, in addition to the interface between electrolyte and electrode, there is also a complex multi-level interface inside the electrode, and factors such as electrochemical as well as deformation can lead to contact failure affecting battery performance.
Again, unsatisfactory stability during long-term use is also a bottleneck in the development of long-life energy storage solid-state batteries. The structure and interface of solid-state batteries will degrade over time during service, but the mechanism of degradation on the comprehensive performance of the battery is not clear, making it difficult to achieve long-life applications.
Therefore, the construction of high-performance solid-state batteries needs to start from two aspects, one is to build a high-performance solid-state electrolyte, and the other is to improve the compatibility and stability of the interface.
If solid-state batteries are commercialized, electric vehicles will accelerate the pace of replacing internal combustion locomotives. Whoever takes the lead in mastering this technology will also have a greater say in the future competitive landscape.
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