So far, after the continuous efforts of scientists, solid-state battery technology should be said to have no insurmountable technical bottlenecks, but there are still technical challenges to be solved. "The core technology of solid-state batteries is the solid electrolyte material technology to achieve high ionic conductivity and the advanced manufacturing technology to achieve a low-impedance solid-solid interface." Che Yong further explained. In terms of solid-state electrolyte materials, Professor Atsushi Sugano of Tokyo Institute of Technology in Japan invented a sulfide solid-state electrolyte with an ionic conductivity of "10-2S/cm at room temperature (surpassing that of conventional organic electrolytes) in 2011.
The solid-state battery has significant advantages, as the solid-state electrolyte replaces the organic electrolyte in conventional lithium-ion batteries, which can ignite and explode, this solves the dilemma of high energy density and high safety, thus eliminating the "range anxiety" of electric vehicle users, and is even expected to achieve fast charging.
This technology has become the basis for Toyota, currently the leading company in the industrialization of solid-state batteries. Oxide solid-state electrolytes have advantages over sulfide solid-state electrolytes in terms of high safety and ease of production, but improving ionic conductivity at room temperature is still the challenge of the century.
What are the advantages of solid-state batteries
1) Highest safety at present
Solid-state batteries are inherently safer and have higher energy densities than existing lithium-ion batteries, which rely on flammable liquid electrolytes to rapidly transfer chemical energy stored in molecular bonds into electrical energy. By transforming the liquid electrolyte into a solid polymer inside the electrochemical cell, the researchers have exploited the properties of both liquids and solids to overcome the key limitations currently affecting battery design. In this case, the solid electrolyte prevents metals from forming dendrites, which can lead to short circuits, overheating and battery failure.
2) High energy density
First, the voltage platform is raised, negative electrode metal lithium, positive electrode high potential material, electrochemical window above 5V; after using all-solid electrolyte, lithium-ion battery can not need to use graphite negative electrode embedded with lithium, but directly use metal lithium to do the negative electrode, which can greatly reduce the amount of negative electrode material, making the whole battery energy density has significantly improved.
3）Long cycle life
Solid-state battery design and development compared to traditional lithium-ion battery cycle life of more than 1200 times, is expected to prevent the liquid electrolyte in the process of charging and discharging the continuous formation and growth of SEI film and lithium dendrite piercing the diaphragm problem, greatly enhance the cycleability and service life of metal lithium-ion batteries.
4) Wide operating temperature range
The researchers say that because the solid is more compact and robust, this highly conductive solid-state lithium-ion battery can supply power over a wider range of temperatures and is more resistant to physical damage and high temperatures. The research team developed a new material called lithium super ion conductor (Li10GeP2S12), still using lithium as the ion conductor, but coated them with a crystal structure layer, they tested this solid-state lithium-ion battery and found that it reached the level of existing liquid lithium-ion batteries in terms of electrical conductivity, and the new battery can work in the temperature range between -100°C and 100°C.
5) Can be charged quickly
Solid-state batteries can achieve stable charging and discharging cycles at room temperature, and can be charged quickly at the same time. The new solid-state battery can be fully charged in only 1 hour.
6）Flexibility of thin film
The ability to make a very small battery is also a feature of all-solid-state battery technology, which can facilitate the battery to adapt to a variety of new small-sized intelligent electronic devices, which is difficult to achieve in the traditional lithium-ion battery technology. The all-solid-state battery can be further optimized and turned into a flexible battery, thus bringing more functions and experiences.
7）Multifunctional packaging
The packaging of solid-state battery is relatively simple, which can eliminate the battery pack shell, cooling and other systems, and at the same time, it can realize the flexibility and shape-shifting of the battery, and design different shapes according to different application scenarios, which is more flexible.
8）Increased production efficiency
No encapsulation liquid is required, and it supports serial stacking arrangement and bipolar mechanism, which can reduce the invalid space in the battery pack and improve the production efficiency.
Finally, the industrialization of all-solid-state batteries is an inevitable trend and an important factor in the revolutionary change of electric vehicles in the future. At present, countries around the world are competing to promote the industrialization of all-solid-state batteries. This will be the most competitive field in the future power battery industry.
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